Institutional distrust and inequality in Peru: A longitudinal analysis of the socioeconomic factors that shape citizen perception

Abstract

This study analyzes how socioeconomic characteristics influence Peruvian citizens' perception of governance, democracy, and transparency, using data from the National Household Survey (ENAHO) between 2014 and 2021. The results reveal a deep crisis of confidence in state institutions: more than 60% of citizens distrust Congress, the judiciary, and political parties, with even more critical levels among urban and educated populations. Poverty and the educational gap correlate with a lower understanding of democracy (only 17.51% of the poor know about it, compared to 47.35% in the non-poor) and greater institutional distrust. Likewise, it was identified that citizens with more education tend to negatively evaluate democratic functioning and are more exposed to getting involved in acts of corruption (9.3% in postgraduate studies, 2014). Urban residence is also associated with more critical perceptions, while older age reduces trust in institutions. These findings underscore the erosion of democratic legitimacy in Peru, linked to structural inequalities and a lack of transparency. The study concludes with recommendations for public policies that strengthen civic education, accountability, and socioeconomic inclusion, essential for rebuilding citizen trust and consolidating democratic governance.